In 1845, William Gregg bought 7,952 acres close to Horse Creek in Aiken County, South Carolina and established the Graniteville Manufacturing Firm. Gregg was a visionary industrialist who advocated for the manufacturing of textiles in southern mills incomes him the title “Father of the Southern Textile Business.” He’s additionally identified for implementing one of many first obligatory training techniques in america. In 1846, Gregg started development on each his manufacturing unit and the encircling city of Graniteville, quickly growing the South’s first large-scale textile village.
Orphaned on the age of 4, William Gregg went to dwell along with his uncle, Jacob Gregg, in Alexandria, Virginia who was educated as a watchmaker. Jacob Gregg utilized his mechanical experience to invent a tool able to carding and spinning cotton. The uncle and nephew moved to Georgia to ascertain a small textile plant, however the enterprise failed within the aftermath of the Battle of 1812. Following the warfare, Jacob Gregg encountered robust instances and was unable to help his nephew. Impoverished by the collapse of his enterprise, Jacob apprenticed William underneath his good friend, Mr. Asa Blanchard. William Gregg spent just a few years with Blanchard perfecting his watchmaking craft and commerce. In 1821, William Gregg independently relocated to the economic city of Petersburg, Virginia, to additional refine his craft and excellent his expertise.
After settling in Columbia a number of years later, Gregg used his data from Asa Blanchard and his uncle to ascertain a profitable mercantile enterprise, buying and selling supplies akin to jewellery, silver, and different hand-crafted specialty items. In 1838, whereas persevering with his watchmaker and silversmith enterprise, Gregg acquired an curiosity in what turned Gregg, Hayden & Co. He retired with a considerable amount of discretionary revenue. This acquisition made Gregg a associate within the jewellery enterprise in Charleston, South Carolina. He moved his household to Aiken County following the acquisition. Gregg’s time spent with the jewellery and silver agency allowed him to safe his fortune and set up the monetary safety that will permit him to take pleasure in his authentic curiosity in textile manufacturing. Persevering with his purchases in 1838; Gregg purchased into the Vaucluse Manufacturing Firm, a cotton mill within the Barnwell District of South Carolina, along with his brother-in-law Normal James Jones.
In 1844, William Gregg traveled to the Northeast on a mission to review and study quite a few textile mills in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire. He aimed to enhance the struggling textile business within the South, which was affected by failures and undercapitalization. Upon his return to Charleston, Gregg actively engaged locally. He wrote a sequence of articles for the native paper, the Charleston Courier, outlining methods for Southern businessmen to speculate and prosper in manufacturing. Gregg criticized the South’s over-reliance on plantation agriculture and advocated for the event of a robust manufacturing sector to enhance the agricultural business. He revealed these articles in a pamphlet titled “Essays on Home Business,” which strongly criticized planters for neglecting their ventures and permitting them to fail as a result of lack of consideration and capital. Gregg envisioned Southern enterprise capitalists main industrialization by making use of business, prudence, and surplus capital to manufacturing crops and operations.
In 1843, William Gregg returned to Aiken County and bought the Vaucluse Mill outright. The next yr, he toured the large-scale textile villages of New England and have become impressed to develop the identical framework in South Carolina. He noticed business mixed with training, worship, commercialism, and household life because the blueprint to success for Southerners. Gregg employed native laborers to start development of the Graniteville Canal in 1846. Quarried blue granite was used within the venture that will ultimately energy Gregg’s cotton mill. Nevertheless, the canal’s preliminary use was to energy a sawmill that will provide the lumber wanted for constructing the city.
With a bunch of Charleston elite an preliminary capitalization of $300,000 was granted. This cash was put in direction of establishing an incredible and big state-of-the-art textile manufacturing unit and plant on Horse creek, which was a few miles from Gregg’s Vaucluse Mill. The manufacturing and development of the Graniteville Firm relied on the native individuals of the realm to construct and function the mill. Farmers, tenants, and the poor had been employed with wages much like these of Northern mill employees.
By 1849, the city of Graniteville, South Carolina was close to completion and consisted of practically 100 houses, a number of shops, two church buildings, and a faculty for mill youngsters. All had been paid for by William Gregg, who was extremely regarded by everybody in Graniteville for placing his staff first. The mill village was prepared for occupancy, and the mill itself was accomplished and working that very same yr. The homes had been designed for white employees, who made up many of the firm’s staff. Based on historic experiences, the corporate’s few Black employees lived on the outskirts of the segregated city.
Gregg had realized his dream of making a group devoted to business, manufacturing, and training. He insisted that his mill employees ship their youngsters to high school at Graniteville Academy. Dad and mom of school-aged youngsters weren’t allowed to work within the mill until their youngsters attended the academy. If youngsters had been late, 5 cents could be docked from their father or mother’s wages. William Gregg noticed himself because the ethical information of his burgeoning group. He believed the South ought to rely much less on its plantation economic system and extra on manufacturing.
Through the 1850s, Gregg turned well-known all through the South. His manufacturing unit turned acclaimed, and its mannequin was celebrated. He was credited with offering the South an ideal instance of the economic growth that reformers had demanded for a few years. William Gregg turned standard, resulting in his election to the South Carolina Home of Representatives in 1856. He additionally tried to get elected to the state Senate however was unsuccessful. Gregg confronted resistance relating to among the practices at his plant, however this didn’t fully hinder his political profession.
Regardless of William Gregg’s sudden demise in 1867, simply two years after the Civil Battle. The Graniteville Firm continued to play a municipal and nearly paternalistic position for a few years thereafter. The Civil Battle left the South in ruins and Southerners turned serious about Gregg’s concepts of industrialization. Within the a long time following the warfare, the Graniteville Firm expanded, constructing new factories at neighboring Vaucluse and Warrenville and buying two mills (Sibley and Enterprise) in close by Augusta, Georgia. Nevertheless, declining income pressured the corporate into receivership briefly in 1915, nevertheless it emerged in simply 17 months, because of authorities orders caused by America’s entry into World Battle I.
The railroad runs parallel to the mill and simply steps away from Railroad Avenue. It was the location of the primary prepare tragedy in Graniteville on July 4, 1904. As reported by the New York Occasions on July 5, 1904, the spouse of a neighborhood service provider was strolling along with her younger daughter alongside the railroad tracks. Mother was on the road and her daughter had wandered over to the opposite aspect of the tracks, just a few ft away. Mrs. Engle heard and noticed a prepare approaching and feared the approaching prepare would trigger her small little one to try to cross the tracks. As a mom’s intuition usually does, she reacted in the one method she knew to save lots of her little one. Mrs. Engle stepped towards her little one and into the trail of the oncoming prepare. The kid survived, however mother was hit by the prepare. Precisely 100 years, 6 months and a pair of days later this tiny city would undergo one more monumental lack of life by the hands of these busy railroad tracks on the coronary heart of the group.
The Twenties and Nineteen Thirties had been lean years for Graniteville, with rising competitors and the Nice Melancholy taking a toll on firm income. Through the Forties, warfare orders as soon as once more improved the corporate’s fortunes. This allowed the corporate to repay all its money owed and start a large-scale modernization plan after the warfare. Within the years following the warfare, Graniteville Firm pioneered the manufacturing of permanent-press textiles. Graniteville Academy, now generally known as the Leavelle McCampbell Center Faculty, was offered to Aiken County in 1960 and at the moment operates as an Aiken County public faculty. The Graniteville Manufacturing Firm, which as soon as owned and maintained the group’s housing, offered the entire small houses to non-public house owners by the Nineteen Sixties. Acquired by Avondale Mills, Inc., in 1996, the remaining Graniteville amenities continued to provide high-quality denim, cotton, and specialty materials underneath the Avondale Mills title.
For greater than a century, many trains traveled via the quiet mill city every day. A rail spur within the middle of Graniteville serviced the Avondale plant, which employed many of the city’s residents and acquired day by day deliveries of chlorine fuel through a Norfolk Southern prepare for mill operations. Freight automobiles carrying supplies for the city’s textile plant had been indifferent from the prepare and directed through rail change to a rail spur, a size of observe that always dead-ends and is used for offloading cargo. Earlier than the 2005 prepare wreck, Graniteville was dotted with azaleas and candy gum timber. Horse Creek was stuffed with channel catfish and redear sunfish, bluegill and black crappies.
On January 6, 2005, at 2:39 A.M., Norfolk Southern freight prepare 192 touring about 47 MPH approached the sleeping city. It carried paper, metal, and a great deal of kaolin, the white powdery mineral used to make fantastic China and soothe youngsters’s stomachs. It additionally carried the hazardous supplies sodium hydroxide, cresol, and liquid chlorine in pressurized 90-ton tankers. Practice 192 was presupposed to go straight via the middle of Graniteville, previous Johnny’s Customized Cupboard Retailer and the First Baptist Church, earlier than heading towards Columbia. As a substitute, a change left within the mistaken place by one other crew prompted the prepare to fork off the primary observe and veer towards the plant.
The prepare operator frantically pulled the emergency brake, nevertheless it was too late. The freight prepare slammed right into a parked locomotive, the metallic twisting and sparking as 16 automobiles had been thrown off the observe. Diesel gasoline pooled underneath the automobiles, kaolin powdered the bashed locomotives and tracks, and a 29-inch rip within the ninth automobile allowed liquid chlorine to gush out, combine with the air, and switch right into a deadly fuel. Plant employees who escaped, gasping their method via the toxic fog, had been joined at native hospitals by a whole bunch of residents whose lungs had been burning. Inside 90 minutes, greater than 5,400 individuals would flee their houses.
A failure of a piece crew to return the rail change to the primary line resulted within the Norfolk Southern freight prepare colliding with an unoccupied, parked prepare. The collision derailed each locomotives and 16 of the 42 freight automobiles of Practice 192, in addition to 1 of the two automobiles of the parked prepare. Among the many derailed automobiles from Practice 192 had been three tank automobiles containing chlorine, one among which was breached, releasing chlorine fuel. The prepare engineer and eight different individuals died because of chlorine fuel inhalation. About 554 individuals complaining of respiratory difficulties had been taken to native hospitals. Of those, 75 had been admitted for remedy. Complete damages exceeded $6.9 million.
The crash sound woke up native residents, and preliminary notification got here via a 911 name inside 1 minute. The Aiken 911 name report indicated experiences of a “bleach fuel odor and smoke on the bottom,” and no less than one caller recognized chlorine. Fireplace and rescue companies responded inside 1 minute of notification and had been en route inside 1 extra minute; nevertheless, upon listening to a radio report of a “odor of chemical substances,” the fireplace division chief ordered responders to face by. Inside 6 minutes, the fireplace division chief stood 1,000 ft from the crash and was pressured to withdraw lest he be overcome by chlorine fumes, which had been spreading quickly and approaching critically poisonous ranges. Inside 13 minutes, the chief acknowledged the necessity for a mass evacuation and relocated upwind. Emergency responders marshaled personnel and gear, established incident command, requested mutual support, activated Reverse 911 with directions to shelter in place, and initiated a serious evacuation. Nevertheless, these actions didn’t happen with immediacy and effectivity.
The chlorine fuel had already affected many individuals: the prepare’s engineer (who had survived the crash), three employees within the mill, a truck driver sleeping in his cab, a person in a shack one block from the wreckage, two employees who had evacuated the mill on foot into the woods, and one different particular person. Poor communication between businesses and an absence of clear decision-making authority exacerbated the catastrophe. First responders disagreed over methods to evacuate the city, and this disagreement resulted in inaction.
As callers reported individuals dying round them, 911 may do nothing however advise everybody to remain inside. In probably the most excessive instance, one mill employee stayed on maintain with a 911 operator for 28 minutes. The operator suggested him to remain inside and look ahead to assist whereas the caller labored to breathe and screamed in agony. After these 28 minutes, that decision ended with a disconnection. The caller adopted directions and waited within the mill for 4 hours for assist to reach earlier than he dragged himself out of the plant and drove himself to evacuate. Automated Reverse 911 known as individuals and suggested them to remain of their houses and switch off their air circulation, however this technique didn’t begin till 4 hours after the incident.
The devastating wreck, from which Graniteville nonetheless hasn’t fully recovered, didn’t should occur. It was preventable utilizing a know-how that the Nationwide Transportation Security Board urged for 35 years till Congress lastly stepped in and mandated it. The NTSB requested railroads to make use of a type of automated prepare management as early as 1970 after a head-on collision between two commuter trains in Connecticut killed 4 and injured 45. The Federal Railroad Administration thought of it however determined that it was too costly. Over the following 4 a long time, the NTSB investigated accident after accident that investigators mentioned may have been prevented with optimistic prepare management. Had railroads put in such a system, greater than 780 accidents might need been prevented. Inside 3 years of the crash in Graniteville, the NTSB had investigated 5 extra prepare accidents that optimistic prepare management may have prevented, including 206 accidents, 6 fatalities, and round $25 million in injury.
The 2005 Graniteville prepare wreck turned one of many worst railroad-related chemical spills in United States historical past. Slightly greater than a yr later, in June 2006, Avondale Mills introduced they had been closing their doorways after 161 years of operation, citing unfair world competitors exacerbated by a disastrous prepare derailment. The closure affected 4,000 associates – many representing the second, third, fourth and even fifth era of their households to have labored for the corporate – at its numerous amenities in Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. The mills closing left roughly 1,600 individuals in Graniteville with out employment.
Lately earlier than the wreck, Avondale Mills had invested greater than $300 million to improve amenities and gear to bolster its aggressive place in a tough world surroundings. Nevertheless, the prepare accident that took the lives of a number of Avondale associates and prompted insurmountable injury to the plant finally derailed the corporate itself. The chlorine spilled within the accident had gotten into the plant’s equipment, damaging {the electrical} elements and inflicting unmanageable ranges of rust. For the primary time since 1849, the mill was silent. The city of Graniteville went darkish and remained that method for practically a decade.
Starting in 2011, a few Atlanta entrepreneurs started shopping for up items of the sprawling mill complicated from a neighborhood developer. They repainted the city’s landmark water tower, and in 2014 opened a house equipment de-manufacturing enterprise in one of many former mill buildings. Then they rehabilitated Hickman Memorial Corridor, a circa 1907 group middle, utilizing federal and state historic tax credit. These tasks give Graniteville hope for a brighter future. In a public discussion board held in 2020, 15 years after the prepare derailment, advocates and public well being specialists outlined among the results of the catastrophe on the encircling group, together with decreased lung perform and elevated blood stress in those that had been uncovered.
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